The Impact of the Iroquois Confederacy on the Creation of the United St

"One arrow is easily broken, but tied together, no man can break the bundle." -Peacemaker This philosophy was at the core of the powerful Iroquois League of Five Nations. The League of Five Nations, or Iroquois Confederacy as it is more commonly called, was a thriving and well-functioning form of government very similar to that of the United States Government. Hundreds of years before "civilized" man arrived in the New World -- historians think as early as 1400 A.D.-- the Iroquois had created a radically new and well-organized form of government unlike any other before it. This new form of government was the idea of two peaceful men named Hiawatha and Deganawida (McClard 47). Hiawatha and Deganawida realized that the five Iroquois tribes were constantly fighting with one another resulting in many innocent deaths and ongoing tribal wars. As a solution to the constant stream of violence between the Iroquois people, they proposed a union between the five tribes that would make the Iroquois nation as a whole stronger and more powerful, while uniting their "brothers" together in friendship. The Iroquois Confederacy was a lasting union between the five Iroquois tribes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. This union of five Iroquois tribes would prove to have a great deal of impact on the founding fathers of the United States. The grounding principles of unity, freedom of the people, and democracy that defined the Iroquois Confederacy very much impressed certain men who were charged with designing the new government of the United States. By the time the Europeans arrived in America, the League was already hundreds of years old (McClard 75) and running just as smoothly as when Hiawatha and Deganawida created it so man... ...on, 1988. 2. Fradin, Dennis Brindell. Hiawatha: Messenger of Peace. New York, NY: Maxwell Macmillian International, 1992. 3. Graymont, Barbara. Indians of North America: The Iroquois. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 4. Malkus, Alida Sims. There Really was a Hiawatha. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap, 1963. 5. McClard, Megan and Ypsilantis, George. Hiawatha and the Iroquois League. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1989. 6. Phillips, Martin. The Constitutional Convention. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett Company, 1985. 7. Sneve, Virginia Driving Hawk. The Iroquois. New York, New York: Holiday House, 1995. 8. Yenne, Bill and Garratt, Susan. North American Indians. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, Incorperated, 1984. 9. Zimmerman, Larry J. and Molyneaux, Brian Leigh. Native North America. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. The Impact of the Iroquois Confederacy on the Creation of the United St "One arrow is easily broken, but tied together, no man can break the bundle." -Peacemaker This philosophy was at the core of the powerful Iroquois League of Five Nations. The League of Five Nations, or Iroquois Confederacy as it is more commonly called, was a thriving and well-functioning form of government very similar to that of the United States Government. Hundreds of years before "civilized" man arrived in the New World -- historians think as early as 1400 A.D.-- the Iroquois had created a radically new and well-organized form of government unlike any other before it. This new form of government was the idea of two peaceful men named Hiawatha and Deganawida (McClard 47). Hiawatha and Deganawida realized that the five Iroquois tribes were constantly fighting with one another resulting in many innocent deaths and ongoing tribal wars. As a solution to the constant stream of violence between the Iroquois people, they proposed a union between the five tribes that would make the Iroquois nation as a whole stronger and more powerful, while uniting their "brothers" together in friendship. The Iroquois Confederacy was a lasting union between the five Iroquois tribes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. This union of five Iroquois tribes would prove to have a great deal of impact on the founding fathers of the United States. The grounding principles of unity, freedom of the people, and democracy that defined the Iroquois Confederacy very much impressed certain men who were charged with designing the new government of the United States. By the time the Europeans arrived in America, the League was already hundreds of years old (McClard 75) and running just as smoothly as when Hiawatha and Deganawida created it so man... ...on, 1988. 2. Fradin, Dennis Brindell. Hiawatha: Messenger of Peace. New York, NY: Maxwell Macmillian International, 1992. 3. Graymont, Barbara. Indians of North America: The Iroquois. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 4. Malkus, Alida Sims. There Really was a Hiawatha. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap, 1963. 5. McClard, Megan and Ypsilantis, George. Hiawatha and the Iroquois League. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1989. 6. Phillips, Martin. The Constitutional Convention. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett Company, 1985. 7. Sneve, Virginia Driving Hawk. The Iroquois. New York, New York: Holiday House, 1995. 8. Yenne, Bill and Garratt, Susan. North American Indians. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, Incorperated, 1984. 9. Zimmerman, Larry J. and Molyneaux, Brian Leigh. Native North America. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.

Smart Card

A smartcard is a specific type of plastic card generally made of polyvinyl chloride based on polyesters or polycarbonate. It is the size of credit card. There is a 3by 5 mm imbedded chip in the card. Smart card contains either memory card or microprocessor that holds data and information. The microprocessor card can add, delete, and manipulate information on the card, while a memory-chip card (for example, pre-paid phone cards) can only undertake a pre-defined operation.Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can carry all necessary functions and information on the card. Therefore, they do not require access to remote databases at the time of the transaction. A typical smartcard consists of an 8-bit microprocessor running at approximately 5 MHz with ROM, EEPROM and RAM, together with serial input and output, all in a single chip that is mounted on a plastic carrier. The operating system is typically stored in ROM, the CPU uses RAM as its working memory, and most of the data is sto red in EEPROM. Fig:-1 shows smart card. HistoryIn 1968 and 1969 German electrical engineers Helmut and Jurgen jointly developed automated chip card. Then after in 1974 French inventor Roland Moreno gives memory card concept called smart card. An important patent for smart cards with a microprocessor and memory as used today was filed by Jurgen Dethloff in 1976 and granted as USP 4105156 in 1978. The first mass use of the cards was as a telephone card for payment in French pay phones starting in 1983. Carte Bleue After the Telecarte microchips were integrated into all French Carte Bleue debit cards in 1992.Customers inserted the card into the merchant's POS terminal, then typed the PIN, before the transaction was accepted. Only very limited transactions (such as paying small highway tolls) are processed without a PIN. Smart-card-based electronic purse systems store funds on the card so that readers do not need network connectivity and entered service throughout Europe in the mid-1990 s. The major boom in smart card use came in the 1990s, with the introduction of smart-card-based SIMs used in GSM mobile phone equipment in Europe.With the ubiquity of mobile phones in Europe, smart cards have become very common. Development of contactless systems Contactless smart cards that do not require physical contact between card and reader are becoming increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit and motorway tolls. Visa and MasterCard have agreed to an easy-to-implement version that was deployed in 2004–2006 in the USA. Most contactless fare collection implementations are custom and incompatible, though the MIFARE Standard card .Smart cards are also being introduced in personal identification at national and international levels. Citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient card schemes are appearing. A smart card is a plastic card about the size of a credit card, with an embedded microchip that can be loaded with data, use d for telephone calling, electronic cash payments, and other applications, and then periodically refreshed for additional use. Currently or soon, you may be able to use a smart card to: Dial a connection on a mobile telephone and be charged on a per-call basis* Establish your identity when logging on to an Internet access provider or to an online bank * Pay for parking at parking meters or to get on subways, trains, or buses * Give hospitals or doctors personal data without filling out a form * Make small purchases at electronic stores on the Web (a kind of cybercash) * Buy gasoline at a gasoline station Over a billion smart cards are already in use. Currently, Europe is the region where they are most used. Ovum, a research firm, predicts that 2. billion smart cards will be shipped annually by 2003. Another study forecasts a $26. 5 billion market for recharging smart cards by 2005. Compaq and Hewlett-Packard are reportedly working on keyboards that include smart card slots that can be read like bank credit cards. The hardware for making the cards and the devices that can read them is currently made principally by Bull, Gemplus, and Schlumberger. How Smart Cards Work A smart card contains more information than a magnetic stripe card and it can be programmed for different applications.Some cards can contain programming and data to support multiple applications and some can be updated to add new applications after they are issued. Smart cards can be designed to be inserted into a slot and read by a special reader.. An industry standard interface between programming and PC hardware in a smart card has been defined by the PC Working Group, representing Microsoft, IBM and other interested companies. Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not have an internal power source.Instead, they use an inductor to capture some of the incident radio-frequency interrogation signal, rectify it, and use it to power the card's electronics. Hybrids A hybrid smart card which clearly shows the antenna connected to the main chip Dual-interface cards implement contactless and contact interfaces on a single card with some shared storage and processing. An example is Porto's multi-application transport card, called Andante, which uses a chip with both contact and contactless interfaces . Applications First introduced in Europe nearly three decades ago, smart cards debuted as a stored value tool for payphones to reduce theft.As smart cards and other chip-based cards advanced, people found new ways to use them, including charge cards for credit purchases and for record keeping in place of paper. In the U. S. , consumers have been using chip cards for everything from visiting libraries to buying groceries to attending movies, firmly integrating them into our everyday lives. Several U. S. states have chip card programs in progress for government applications ranging from the Department of Motor Vehicles to Electronic Benefit Transfers (EBTs).Many industrie s have implemented the power of smart cards in their products, such as the GSM digital cellular phones as well as TV-satellite decoders. Why Smart Cards Smart cards improve the convenience and security of any transaction. They provide tamper-proof storage of user and account identity. Smart card systems have proven to be more reliable than other machine-readable cards, like magnetic stripe and barcode, with many studies showing card read life and reader life improvements demonstrating much lower cost of system maintenance. Smart cards also provide vital components of system security or the exchange of data throughout virtually any type of network.They protect against a full range of security threats, from careless storage of user passwords to sophisticated system hacks. The costs to manage password resets for an organization or enterprise are very high, thus making smart cards a cost-effective solution in these environments. Multifunction cards can also be used to manage network sys tem access and store value and other data. Worldwide, people are now using smart cards for a wide variety of daily tasks, which include: FinancialSmart cards serve as credit or ATM cards, fuel cards, mobile phone SIMs, authorization cards for pay television, household utility pre-payment cards, high-security identification and access-control cards, and public transport and public phone payment cards. Non-EMV cards work like magnetic stripe cards. This is a typical USA card technology (PayPass Magstripe and VISA MSD). The cards do not hold/maintain the account balance. All payment passes without a PIN, usually in off-line mode. The security of such a transaction is no greater than with a magnetic stripe card transaction.EMV cards have contact and contactless interfaces. They work as a normal EMV card via contact interface. Via contactless interface they work somewhat differently in that the card command sequence adopts contactless features such as low power and short transaction time . Identification A quickly growing application is in digital identification. In this application, the cards authenticate identity. The most common example employs public key infrastructure (PKI). The card stores an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI provider along with other relevant information.Contactless smart cards that can be read from within a wallet or even a garment simplify authentication; however, there is concern over criminals accessing data from these cards. Cryptographic smart cards are often used for single sign-on. Most advanced smart cards include specialized cryptographic hardware that uses algorithms such as RSA and DSA. Today's cryptographic smart cards generate key pairs on board, to avoid the risk from having more than one copy of the key (since by design there usually isn't a way to extract private keys from a smartThe first smart card river's license system in the world was implemented in 1987 in Turkey. Turkey had a high level of road accident s and decided to develop and use digital tachograph devices on heavy vehicles, instead of the existing mechanical ones, to reduce speed violations. Since 1987, the professional driver's licenses in Turkey are issued as smart cards and the driver is required to insert his driver's license into the digital tachograph before starting to drive. The tachograph unit records speed violations for each driver and gives a printed report. The driving hours for each driver is also being monitored and reported.In 1990 the European Union conducted a feasibility study through BEVAC Consulting Engineers, titled â€Å"Feasibility study with respect to a European electronic driver’s license (based on a smart-card) on behalf of Directorate General VII†. In this study, chapter seven is dedicated to the experience in Turkey, stating that the electronic driver's license application, in the form of smart cards, was first implemented in Turkey in 1987. Public transit Smart cards and integrate d ticketing have become widely used by public transit operators around the world. Card users may use their cards for other purposes than for transit, such as small purchases.Computer security The Mozilla Firefox web browser can use smart cards to store certificates for use in secure web browsing. Some disk encryption systems, such as TrueCrypt and Microsoft Windows 7 BitLocker, can use smart cards to securely hold encryption keys, and also to add another layer of encryption to critical parts of the secured disk. Smart cards are also used for single sign-on to log on to computers. Smart card support functionality has been added to Windows Live passports. Schools Smart cards are being provided to students at schools and colleges. Tracking student attendance * As an electronic purse, to pay for items at canteens, vending machines etc. * Tracking and monitoring food choices at the canteen, to help the student maintain a healthy diet* Tracking loans from the school library Healthcare Sma rt health cards can improve the security and privacy of patient information, provide a secure carrier for portable medical records, reduce health care fraud, support new processes for portable medical records, provide secure access to emergency medical information, enable compliance with government initiatives (e. g. organ donation) and mandates, and provide the platform to implement other applications as needed by the health care organization. Advantages The benefits of smart cards are directly related to the volume of information and applications that are programmed for use on a card. A single contact/contactless smart card can be programmed with multiple banking credentials, medical entitlement, driver’s license/public transport entitlement, loyalty programs and club memberships to name just a few. Multi-factor and proximity authentication can and has been embedded into smart cards to increase the security of all services on the card.For example, a smart card can be progra mmed to only allow a contactless transaction if it is also within range of another device like a uniquely paired mobile phone. This can significantly increase the security of the smart card. Individuals gain increased security and convenience when using smart cards designed for interoperability between services. For example, consumers only need to replace one card if their wallet is lost or stolen. Additionally, the data storage available on a card could contain medical information that is critical in an emergency should the card holder allow access to this.The first main advantage of smart cards is their flexibility. There is no need, for example, to carry several cards: one card can simultaneously be an ID, a credit card, a stored-value cash card, and a repository of personal information such as telephone numbers or medical history. Such a card can be easily replaced if lost, and, because a PIN number (or other form of security) must be used to access information, is totally usele ss to people other than its legal bearer. At the first attempt to use it illegally, the card would be deactivated by the card reader itself. The second main advantage is security.Smart cards can be electronic key rings, giving the bearer ability to access information and physical places without need for online connections. They are encryption devices, so that the user can encrypt and decrypt information without relying on unknown, and therefore potentially untrustworthy, appliances such as ATMs. Smart cards are very flexible in providing authentication at different level of the bearer and the counterpart. Finally, with the information about the user that smart cards can provide to the other parties, they are useful devices for customizing products andservices.Other general benefits of smart cards are: * Portability * Increasing data storage capacity * Reliability that is virtually unaffected by electrical and magnetic fields. Smart Cards andElectroniccommerce Smart cards are turning out to be a fundamental piece of the transformation of retailing into electronic commerce. The impressive growth of the Internet is making electronic shopping at least a real possibility, if not a habit, among computer users. However, the business model used in current electronic commerce applications still cannot enjoy the full potential of the electronic medium.Moreover, concerns about the reliability of an invisible counterpart and about the safety of the Internet for credit card information increase the wariness and thereby limit the use of the electronic shopping on the part of customers. Of the estimated 360 billion payments that took place in the United States in 1995, approximately 300 billion could not have taken place using the existing electronic media. Such transactions involved micro-payments p; i. e. payments for less than $10 p; which are virtually outside of the electronic arena for lack of a payment method compatible with such low amounts.Credit cards or checks are simply too expensive to use for micro-payments, and the e-cash currently being experimented on the World Wide Web does not seem to have the characteristics to appeal to shoppers. For this reason, smart cards could be a fundamental building block of widespread use of electronic commerce, since they are an instrument to pay at a low cost for transactions involving small amountsofmoney. Another big advantage of smart cards for electronic commerce is their use for the customization of services.It is already possible to purchase tailored services on the World Wide Web p; MyYahoo and FireFly are well known examples. However, in order for the service supplier to deliver the customized service, the user has to provide each supplier with her profile p; a boring and time consuming activity. A smart card can contain a non-encrypted profile of the bearer, so that the user can get customized services even without previous contacts with the supplier. Finally, smart cards are a key technology ena bler for financial institutions.The processing power, the portability and the interactive properties of smart cards will constitute the basis for a revolution in the relationship between consumers and banks. PC-based home banking and phone banking will give way to card banking: a phone equipped with a smart card reader will be all that is needed for any kind of transaction. A smart card is a plastic card with a small, built in microcomputer chip and integrated circuit that can store and process a lot of data. It is considered to be a secure, time saving device that can access information without use of a PC or the Internet.However, smart cards have both Flexibility * Smart cards have a lot of flexibility. They can store multiple types of information including identification, credit cards, business and family contacts. Cost and Availability * Smart card readers are expensive to produce. These readers are not available in all locations and may have compatibility issues due to the diff erences of each smart card brand. Adafruit Raspberry Pi Starter Kit Now available in India ProtoCentral Security * Smart cards are individually encrypted and can only be accessed by pin number.However, there is concern about privacy and whether or not information on the card could be accessed or used illegally by the government or other third-party sources. Data Integrity * Information on a smart card cannot be erased or removed accidentally by any electrical or magnetic means. Smart Card Uses * Smart cards are useful for setting limits on expenses, customizing customer loyalty programs and accessing critical health care information. Smart cards save users from having to remember multiple usernames and passwords. DisadvantagesThe plastic card in which the chip is embedded is fairly flexible, and the larger the chip, the higher the probability that normal use could damage it. Cards are often carried in wallets or pockets, a harsh environment for a chip. However, for large banking sys tems, failure-management costs can be more than offset by fraud reduction. Client-side identification and authentication cards are the most secure way for e. g. , internet banking applications, but security is never 100% sure. If the account holder's computer hosts malware, the security model may be broken.Malware can override the communication (both input via keyboard and output via application screen) between the user and the application. Rabobank (â€Å"random reader†) in the Netherlands combine a smart card with an unconnected card reader to avoid this problem. The customer enters a challenge received from the bank's website, a PIN and the transaction amount into the reader, The reader returns an 8-digit signature. This signature is manually entered into the personal computer and verified by the bank, preventing malware from changing the transaction amount. Another problem is the lack of standards for functionality and security.

Alexander Mcqueen 2

Jane Wang Second draft research paper Jul 30h, 2012 Alexander McQueen â€Å"Creativity is a very fragile thing, and Lee was very fragile,† said the milliner Philip Treacy, who had worked with Alexander McQueen. McQueen, a British genius fashion designer creating a large amount of provocative works in last two decades, committed a suicide because of the suicide of Isabella Blow and the loss of his mother, who were two important supporters of his design (Wilson 89). The â€Å"Spine† Corset, the Skull Scarf, and the â€Å"Bumster† skirt are the representative of the collections of his provocative and dark romantic beauty.McQueen always indicated the dark and deathly elements in his collections, critiqued â€Å"inanity† of the fashion world and expressed his personal life reflections in fashion design. He was the chief designer of Givenchy between 1996 and 2001 and earned British Designer of the Year awards four times(1996,1997,2001 and 2003) (Wilson 89). In t erms of McQueen’s intricate tailoring and provocative design styles, McQueen was significantly influenced by Gilbert Adrian, and Elsa Schiaparelli in the aesthetic aspect; Charles Frederick Worth had processing influences on McQueen's.Adrian and Schiaparelli were fashion designers prevalent around 1930s and 19040s and Worth was popular in in early 19th century. In McQueen’s collections, he applies Gothic Romance with pure black and complex lace ornamentations. His collections focus on the expression of his feelings and moods; it can be scary, disgusting, and romantic. McQueen is like a poet who uses clothing to write his poetry. His runways can always make viewers think, but not just enjoy the visual elements of clothes. Suzy Menkes says of McQueen’s works, â€Å"Distasteful images?But it’s a reflection of our nasty world. And a powerful fashion designer always ingests the ether of modern times. † (Bolton 12). To me, McQueen’s runway shows a re more like drama to convey McQueen’s savage and animalist beauty and death philosophy for fashion. In McQueen’s work, he indicates orientalism, classicism and English eccentrics, but also shows many clues for the future of fashion. As Eric Wilson said in 2010, â€Å"As designers have done for centuries, Mr. McQueen altered the shape of the body using corsetry and anatomically corrects breastplates as a recurring motif.More recently, his work took on increasingly futuristic tones, with designs that combined soft draping with molding, or ones in which a dress seemed to morph into a coat. At his last show, in October, the models wore platform shoes that looked like the hulls of ships. † (Wilson 1). According to the interview with Andrew Bolton, author of â€Å"Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty†, Bolton offers clues of designers affecting McQueen’s aesthetic. Bolton says, â€Å"In terms of tailoring, McQueen was most influenced by designers whose tec hnical acumen mirrored his own, designers such as Gilbert Adrian and Elsa Schiaparelli. (Interview 1). After I saw Schiaparelli fashion exhibition, I found many direct Schiaparelli design concepts' influences on Alexander McQueen's contemporary collections. Schiaparelli invented culottes, wrapped turbans, Arab breeches, embroidered shirts, pompom-brimmed hats, and barbaric belts ( Smith 1). I think her Skeleton, Lobster, and Tear Dresses have the most obvious influences on McQueen's fashion design, where he also employs a lot of animal elements to express a kind of savage and original beauty.As McQueen himself explains, â€Å"Nature was the greatest, or at least the most enduring, influence upon me. Everything I do is connected to nature in one way or another; Nature was also a central theme, if not the central theme, of romanticism. † (Bolton 15). Take two similar fashion designs from Schiaparelli and McQueen, The Skeleton Dress (Fig 1) and â€Å"Spine† Corset (Fig 2) . Obviously, in both works, two artists utilize a â€Å"backbone† as a key element in their works. They both look scary and savage.In Schiaparelli's work, she employs silk to create a backbone effect, while McQueen changes material to a kind of metal, which strengthen the bones' lines and shock effect. Schiaparelli just uses pure black in this collection. Similarly, McQueen just applies the metal's original color in his design, which is quite concise. Like Schiaparelli, McQueen also tightens the waist to indicate the silhouette of the body. Unlike Elsa's slight decoration of the spine, McQueen extends the human spine to a kind of animal spine with the coccyx.Therefore, it is a good example to exemplify the Schiaparelli's design influences on McQueen's. Because of Bolton’s mention of McQueen’s tailoring influence from Gilbert Adrian, let us take a look at their previous works. Like Adrian's women's suit, McQueen's women's suit always has an exaggerated silhouette and the â€Å"s† pattern is obvious. McQueen also uses a lot of broad shoulders in suits; puffed sleeves were created by Adrian, which was popular in 1930s and 40s American fashion ( History). The huge puff-sleeve dress style is continued in McQueen's dress (Fig 4).Likewise, Adrian's dress â€Å"A version of the ‘Hostess Gown'† contains many puffed sleeves. They both create dresses with huge dress trains to express dresses' falling and floating. Due to the similarity between two designers' fashion style, I chose one work from Adrian and one from McQueen to make a specific comparison. If we take a look at Adrian’s film custom dressing (Fig 3) â€Å"A version of the ‘Hostess Gown'† compared with McQueen dress (Fig 4) from Autumn/winter 2010–11, both artists’ modern style and innovative silhouettes come through.In Adrian's work, he seems to employ silk to indicate a sense of freedom and flow. Similarly, McQueen uses translucent and light material to show the dancing-like movement of the dress. Like Adrian, McQueen also provides three perspectives of the dress, which looks like a dancing and swirling performer. Likewise, the dress hem of McQueen's was tailored freely and asymmetrically. Adrian just slightly tightens up the waist in this work, whereas the bodice is designed as an extremely tight style by McQueen.Unlike Adrian's concise decoration of flowers on the upper left shoulder of the dress, McQueen transforms patterns onto materials as decoration on the surface of the dress and added small puff-sleeve on the shoulder parts. Both works give the viewer a sense of flowing movement; nevertheless, McQueen accentuates the curved bodylines of the dress, which is imbued with a sense of elegance of a dancer and replaced the opaque material Adrian uses to a translucent material, which looks like the body of flowers to add more romantic feelings.McQueen not only shared similar tailoring ideas with other designers, but also the intricate and complex processes of dressmaking. Bolton also mentions, â€Å"In terms of dressmaking, he looked to designers who shared his sense of theatricality and his love of exaggerated silhouettes, such as Charles Frederick Worth, Christian Dior, and Charles James. † (Interview 1). Worth was an English fashion designer of the 19th century, and also considered as the Father of Haute couture, which is made for specific customer with high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn intricate decorations.If we juxtapose both McQueen and Worth's dressmaking works, they both are finished by the most experienced tailoring skills and hand-executed techniques. Especially, McQueen’s dressmaking reflects an aristocrtic style in palace of Middle 19th century, where the dresses had intricate Alencon lace decorations, expensive silk materials, bustles, tightened waists, and an embellished neckline. For example, looking at one of Worth’s evening dresses(fig 5), there are many obvious elements shared with a coat of dress from McQueen’s autumn/winter 2008 collections (fig 6).Both works have loose and puffed dress trains. In Worth's work, he employs corduroy in deep red color, which creates a solemn and elitist effect. Similarly, McQueen applies silk to red to express a figure of Queen. Like Worth, McQueen also cuts the shoulder parts of the dress with a puffed effect. However, McQueen repeats this effect in the neck part and strengthens it in the train of the dress. In terms of ornamentation, in Worth's dress, there are Alencon lace patterns in the upper back, while McQueen utilizes intricate metals and diamonds as head decorations, which looked like a Queen's crown.Indeed, the tailoring similarities between both designers are evident. However, McQueen updates the puffed sleeves with tightened wristbands to emphasize the 19th century aristocratic style. Without doubt, Alexander McQueen is a prolific and experienced fashion designer and his collections are multi-faced and cause viewers to think deeply. Even though he shared many similar aesthetics with other fashion designers, he recombined each tiny element he liked and produced novel, updated, â€Å"McQueen’s† work. As Bolton describes McQueen like a demonic Edward Scissor hands (Interview 1).Yes, I feel that McQueen is a devout Scissor hand. Although he received acrimonious critics of his provocative style, like the controversial Highland Rape, autumn/winter 1995–96, which even made viewers feel uncomfortable with the collections, he insisted on his own dark and death romance. Do you remember the character Helena in A Midsummer Night’s Dream? â€Å"Helena believes that love has the power to transform something ugly into something beautiful because love is propelled by subjective perceptions of the individual, not by objective assessments of appearance. (Bolton 12) I think this idea is central of McQueen’s collections, which breaks the viewer’s boundary between ugliness and beauty. His aesthetic purpose is to force viewers look at the ugliness, examine the dark part of their innermost beings and think about the savagery of nature. In addition, he updated Worth, Shiaparelli and Adrian's designs with modern styles, novel textile, complex hand-making processes, which follow up the contemporary fashion society. . [pic] (Fig 1) Elsa Schiaparelli.The Skeleton Dress. France. 1938. Silk crepe [pic] (Fig 2) Alexander McQueen. â€Å"Spine† Corset. Untitled. Spring/summer. 1998 [pic] (Fig 3) Gilbert Adrian, â€Å"A version of the ‘Hostess Gown' †, 1930's and 40's [pic] (Fig 4) Alexander McQueen (British, 1969–2010). Dress. Autumn/winter 2010–11. [pic] (Fig 5) Charles Frederick Worth (French, Bourne 1825–1895 Paris). Evening Dress. 1893-95 [pic] (Fig 6) Alexander McQueen. Untitled. Autumn/winter. 2008 Works Cited Bolton, Andrew and Koda Harold.Savage Beauty. New York: The M etropolitan Museum of Art, 2011. Print. History Wired Gilbert Adrian. National Museum of American History. Jan 2010. Web. 19 Jul 2012. Interview with Andrew Bolton, author of ‘Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty’. Yale University Press. 5 May. 2011. Web. 19 Jul. 2012. Smith, Roberta. DESIGN REVIEW: For a Body that Nobody Ever Had. NY: The New York Times. Dec 7, 2001. Print. Wilson, Eric and Horyn, Cathy. â€Å"Alexander McQueen, Designer, Is Dead at 40. † New York Times Feb 2010: 89. Web.

buy custom Parkinsons Disease essay

buy custom Parkinson's Disease essay The video My Father, My Brother and Me is the story of a FRONTLINE correspondent Dave Iverson. In the year 2004, Dave Iverson received the shocking news that he had Parkinsons disease as his father and brother had earlier years ago. The Parkinsons disease affects over a million people in the United States. The Parkinsons disease is a neurological disease that exhibits degenerative disorders in the affected people. It is clear that its causes are still a mystery to scientists and doctors and finding them has proved a frustrating elusive. This essay aims at demystifying the major concepts that the narrator brings out on the video with regard to Parkinsons disease, the challenges faced by scientists in finding a cure, and the controversies that have arisen in research on stem cells in role in finding a cure. Lastly the essay will find the approaches that could be used by people having Parkinsons disease in coping with it the disease. The narrator in the video, Iverson after being diagnosed as suffering from the Parkinsons disease begins carrying out research in understanding the disease that had taken a toll on his family. It is on this journey that these four concepts that form the basis of this essay have come out with clarity. It is clear that Iverson discovered that the causes of Parkinsons are universally unknown but he sets on researching on identifying the roles those genetic proclivities and environmental toxins play as suspected causes of Parkinsons. It is in this quest that one of the doctors suggests to Iverson that his genetic form of the Parkinsons disease was genetically transmitted down his ancestry and possibly from one of his seafaring ancestors. Another doctor also proposes that his Parkinsons was probably caused by MPTP, a chemical used in producing popular herbicides in the 1980s. This chemical compound was found in an exacting strain of heroin in which it exhibited Parkinsons symptoms in the patients diagnosed as having developed reactions to i (FRONTLINE, 2012). The second concept that comes out in the video is Iversons interaction with other victims of the Parkinson disease. For instance, in his conversation with writer Michael Kinsley and Michael J. Fox an actor, it is laid out that people having Parkinson caught up in the politics of Parkinson's research and finding its cure. It is clear that Bush administration vetoed the research on the use of stem cells in finding the cure for Parkinsonso the researchers lost funding from the federal. Dave Iverson notes that this decision made Parkinson disease patients to suffer and their hope in getting a cure for this disease diminished progressively for six years. However, with the coming of a new president, Barrack Obama there is a hope that the research will again get federal funding. The third concept that comes out in the video is the role of genetics as a cause of the Parkinsons disease. This contrasts to previous researches carried out in this field and has nullified the role of genetics as a cause of Parkinsons. To negate this conclusion Iverson volunteered at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville for a study on the role of genetics on Parkinsons disease based on his family history. Six genes whose mutations are possible causes of Parkinsons disease were identified. This identification has made possible finding of cure to Parkinsons more optimistic than it was ten years ago. This was according to Matthew Farrer a geneticist at the mayo clinic (FRONTLINE, 2012). The last concept in the video is the use of brain repair through surgical procedures as means of compensating the lack of dopamine that characterizes Parkinsons disease patients. This brain repairis through fetal cell brain transplant in the patients. The use of this method to remove Parkinsons disease is not 100% fool-proof. This is because it has resulted in disappointing results in which it has catalyzed Parkinsons ailment in the patients after the surgery (FRONTLINE, 2012). Over the years more and more knowledge on Parkinsons has been garnered by scientists but the hope of finding a cure has faded all the more. This is because the information gathered has depicted the complexity eluded by Parkinsons disease thus making it hard to find an absolute cure for the disease. However, the information has paved way for more inventive and better ways of minimizing its effects on the patients (Lichtenstein Creative Media, 2005). L-dopa has been the major treatment drug for Parkinsons but its continued use by the patients for long time reduces its effectiveness. This has become a big challenge in finding a cure for the disease with new methods such as implanting a pacemaker-like device in the brain in question (Lichtenstein Creative Media, 2005). The practical difficulties that have arisen from the stem cell procedures have led to a number of leading scientists seeing the use of stem cells as no longer the cure for Parkinsons. This is because of the complexity in using it given that the human brain is not a pincushion that scientists can keep opening and closing while plucking and putting cells in it (FRONTLINE, 2012). It is also clear that experiments carried out on stem cells have not been as successful as anticipated. This has necessitated halting the use of this procedure in treating Parkinsons disease patients until a later date when the outcomes will be more positive. Despite that there is no cure for Parkinsons disease, at the end of the film Iverson gives people suffering from Parkinsons hope from unlikely place. It is clear Iverson had discovered from a new research carried out that regular exercises may help delay or slow down Parkinsons disease from progressing in the patients. It had proved that properly designed exercise programs for people suffering from Parkinsons disease would yield better results than medications and surgeries that were being given the top-notch in treating the disease. Buy custom Parkinson's Disease essay

Why I became an independent book designer Reedsy

Why I became an independent book designer Reedsy The success story of an independent book designer: An interview with Mark Ecob Have you done much work with independent authors? If so, is there anything different about it?Loads. When I started my company, I made it my business to seek that kind of brief in an ever-changing publishing landscape. Now, a good proportion of my work is for independents, self-publishing platforms or ventures like Unbound who bring books to readers in new ways.It’s definitely simpler and you’re given greater freedom. The best independent authors are receptive to industry expertise, which still has a massive part to play.It’s also very rewarding to know that the work you do can bring someone’s book to life, and hopefully success. In a large publishing house, I felt disconnected from the authors. Now I work directly with them, I’ve realised why I do what I do.Thanks for your time Mark.Check out other #freelancerfriday interviews on our blog!Have a look at Mark Ecob’s profile on Reedsy, or even ask him for a quote!

Stem Cell Reserch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stem Cell Reserch - Essay Example These questions are fundamental to our social values and say a lot about the way we think about life. Indeed, I often think about such things. But one important difference between stem cells and abortion is that stem cells have the possibility of extending and improving life. Unlike the abortion issue, the stem cell issue is not a zero-sum gain. Whether or not you believe using an embryonic stem cell for research purposes is destroying a potential life, you must admit that it is opening up the possibility for someone else to live longer or better. That makes this issue more nuanced. Indeed, when all the fact are in about stem cells, it is very hard for someone to believe research involving them should be banned. Stem cells offer some of the substantial and important possibilities in the fields of medical science open to us today. I believe we must seize this opportunity. The world today is more complicated than ever. In part this is because we know more about it than ever before and technology has dramatically shaped our world views. Certain moral questions have exploded in recent years because of the way technology is changing the moral dimensions of our lives. We can now see foetuses in the womb using ultrasound technology and can tell a lot about them and their health early on. We now know that there are certain cells inside the body—called stem cells—that are effectively the building blocks for many different cells. They can become a fetus, they can become a brain cell, or, for example, they can become a skin cell. With the right type of manipulation—something scientists are becoming increasingly proficient at—it may be possible for many previously incurable diseases to be dealt with. There are also great possibilities involving the generation of organs for transplant, among a myriad of other good news stories. Many d egenerative

Role of Line Managers in Human Resource functions and Roles Essay

Role of Line Managers in Human Resource functions and Roles - Essay Example This report will focus on discussing the role of line managers in human resource functions. As part of going through the main discussion, this report will incorporate HR theories related to effective recruitment and selection process, flexible job options, effective reward systems, and strategic training programmes that could effectively increase employee satisfaction and overall business performance. Based on several real-case scenarios, this report will evaluate whether or not the HR managers in each of the case scenarios were able to meet the role of HR function. Job analysis is referring to the process of defining a particular task and responsibilities (Stone, 2005, p. 10; Bartlett, 2000). Aside from identifying the human abilities, skills and/or educational qualifications and experience needed in enabling a person to successfully perform the job, the line manager should consider job analysis as an important component of an effective recruitment As part of attracting competitive individuals to join the team, the Royal Bank of Scotland Group exerted extra effort to improve their recruitment selection process (NatWest 2009). In line with this, the line manager of NatWest had to assess the job applicant’s skills and past work experiences in performing the demands of the available job position. In line with this, Nelson (1997, p. 40) explained that one of the prerequisite in hiring a highly competitive employee is to analyze a particular job description such as the skills and personal traits that has to be fulfilled by the job applicant. According to Hacker (1997), â€Å"a poor recruitment decision can cost a company the amount equal to 30% of the company’s First-year earnings†. Since the act of recruiting a wrong person is very costly on the part of the company, the line manager should be careful when assessing the applicant’s acquired skills and part work experiences based on the job